Extended Data Fig. 7: Quantitative analysis of metabolic imaging results obtained from a glioblastoma patient.

a, T1C, T1w, T2w FLAIR and T2w SPACE structural images obtained from the glioblastoma patient. ROIs, including normal (red), oedema (blue) and enhanced tumour (yellow), were determined from structural images. b, Box plots of the concentrations of different metabolites and neurotransmitters in different regions of the glioblastoma. Metabolite and neurotransmitter concentrations were shown in arbitrary units. Box plots are represented by median and interquartile range, with ±1.5 interquartile range as whiskers. Compared with the normal region, elevated levels of Cho (45.7%, P < 0.001), Lac (1573.2%, P < 0.001) and Gln (79.9%, P < 0.001) and decreased levels of NAA (58.2%, P < 0.001) were observed in the enhancing tumour region (n = 97). Decreased levels of NAA (39.8%, P < 0.001) and Cho (13.6%, P < 0.001) were observed in the oedema region (n = 492). Unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-tests were performed. Abbreviations: T1C, T1-weighted contrast-enhanced; T1w, T1-weighted; T2w, T2-weighted; FLAIR, fluid attenuated inversion recovery; SPACE, sampling perfection with application optimized contrasts using different flip angle evolutions; ROI: region of interest; NAA, N-acetyl aspartate; Cho, choline; Gln, glutamine; Lac, lactate.