Fig. 2: UNAGI identifies progressive heterogeneous cell populations across tissue fibrosis grades in IPF.

a, UMAP visualization: stromal cells across various tissue fibrosis grades in IPF are depicted. Each point corresponds to a cell; the first column categorizes them by cell type (for example, SMC, smooth muscle cell; VE, vascular endothelial), and the second by Leiden cluster IDs. b, Gene dot plots: dot plots illustrate the key biomarkers for each identified cell type across four grades of fibrosis involvement in IPF. In these plots, the size of each circle indicates the proportion of cells expressing the gene, and the circle’s colour reflects the level of normalized gene expression. c, Cell composition chart: a visualization of the shifts in cell-type composition along with IPF disease progression. Colours indicate the specific cell type. Notably, there is a discernible expansion of fibroblast cells as the disease progresses.