Fig. 2: Multipotency of ldNSCs in vitro and in vivo.

a–c, ellNSCs, allNSCs and control NSCs differentiated into astrocytes (GFAP⁺/S100B⁺) (a), oligodendrocytes (O4⁺/Olig2⁺/MBP⁺) (b) and neurons (Tuj1⁺/MAP2⁺) (c). Scale bar, 50 μm. d, In vitro differentiation efficiencies in samples, normalized to brain NSCs, determined via immunostaining with Tuj1 (neurons), GFAP (astrocytes) and MBP (oligodendrocytes). The data represent mean ± s.d. (n = 3 biological replicates). e, Immunofluorescence images of neurons derived from samples. Scale bar, 50 μm. ChAT, choline acetyltransferase; vGluT1, vesicular glutamate transporter type 1. f, Voltage-clamp recordings from ldNSC and control NSC neurons in response to increasing voltage pulses. g, Current-clamp mode action potential of ldNSC and control NSC neurons in response to current injection (200 pA). h, Immunohistochemistry of transplanted allNSCs and control NSCs after 6 weeks. n = 3 mice each. Scale bar, 50 μm. i, Transplanted allNSCs and control NSCs differentiated into mature neurons (NeuN⁺/mCherry⁺), astrocytes (GFAP⁺/S100B⁺/mCherry⁺) and oligodendrocytes (Olig2⁺/S100B⁺/mCherry⁺), indicated by white arrows. Data represent three biological replicates. Scale bar, 10 μm.