Extended Data Fig. 1: Mechanical cues regulate TE activity in hESCs.

a, b, RT-qPCR analysis of (a) pluripotency and (b) differentiation marker genes in WT hESCs cultured on soft versus stiff matrices in mTeSR medium. P values are 0.057, 0.067, 0.056 (a), 0.97, 0.22, 0.17, 0.069, 0.25, 0.18, 0.09 (b). n = 3 biologically independent experiments. c, RT-qPCR validation of RNA expression changes in selected TE subfamilies under soft versus stiff conditions. P = 0.00059, P = 0.045, P = 0.0099, P = 0.0053, P = 0.0023. n = 3 biologically independent experiments. d, e, MA scatter plots showing differential (d) H3K27ac and (e) H3K9me3 ChIP-seq signals at individual TE loci. Red dots: upregulated loci in soft; blue dots: downregulated loci in soft (Fold change > 1.5). f, g, Box plots quantifying changes in (f) H3K27ac and (g) H3K9me3 ChIP-seq signals across TE subfamilies in soft versus stiff conditions. n = 2 biologically independent experiments. h, KEGG and GO pathway analyses of genes located within 50 kb of TE loci exhibiting differential H3K27ac or H3K9me3 signals in response to stiffness. P values were calculated by the two-tailed Student’s t-test (a –c). NS, not significant. Data in (a - c) represent mean ± s.e.m. In box plots (f, g), center lines represent the median value, box limits the 25th and 75th percentiles, and whiskers denote minima and maxima (1.5× the interquartile range). Source numerical data are available in source data.