Extended Data Fig. 2: Performance of OSCAR v2.2 in ‘1pct CO₂’ experiment.

‘1pct CO₂’ experiment is a 140-yr simulation with atmospheric CO₂ increasing at a rate of 1% yr⁻¹ from pre-industrial values until concentration quadruples. a, Atmospheric CO₂ concentration (ppm) used in the 1% increasing CO₂ simulations, which is named ‘1pct CO₂’ experiment. b, Model mean values and the range across the model configurations for simulated temperature change. c, atmosphere–land and d, atmosphere–ocean CO₂ fluxes, and e, f, their cumulative values. The black lines refer to fully coupled simulations, the red lines refer to radiatively coupled simulations, and the blue lines refer to biogeochemically coupled simulations. The simulations are designed following Arora et al.¹⁹, which used CMIP5 results. If the mean value is available in Arora et al.¹⁹, they are shown using ‘*’ mark.