Extended Data Fig. 1: Schematic illustrating the effect of changes in T₀ and T₁ on ∂ζ/∂T₀ for three scenarios.

Shown are three schematics representing typical annual cycles of temperature (leftmost plots) for a warm coastal region (top), region in the interior of a continent where the annual mean temperature is close to 0 C (middle), and a cold coastal region (bottom). Blue and red hatching indicates periods where T < 0 or T > 0, respectively. The rightmost plots are the same annual cycles, but for a 1 C increase in annual mean temperature. At far right is the resultant value of ∂ζ/∂T₀.