Fig. 5: Runoff efficiency declines post-emergence of low-to-no snow.
From: Asymmetric emergence of low-to-no snow in the midlatitudes of the American Cordillera
a–h, Spatial patterns of runoff efficiency for the northern hemisphere (30° N to 60° N; top row) and the southern hemisphere (32° S to 59° S; bottom row). In the northern hemisphere, runoff efficiency (the total annual runoff divided by the total annual precipitation) is determined from October through September of the following year. In the southern hemisphere, runoff efficiency is determined from January through December of the same year. Panels a,e show the historical median annual runoff efficiency. Panels b,f show the change in runoff efficiency for the end of the century compared with the 1950–2000 historical reference period. Panels c,g show the same as b,f but for peak SWE and precipitation ≤30th historical reference period percentile. Panels d,h show the same as b,f but for high-precipitation years (≥70th historical percentile). Country borders are indicated in grey.
