Table 1 Changes in global zooplankton under climate change

	Total zooplankton			Carnivores			Filter feeders			Omnivores
	SSP 1–2.6	SSP 3–7.0	SSP 5–8.5	SSP 1–2.6	SSP 3–7.0	SSP 5–8.5	SSP 1–2.6	SSP 3–7.0	SSP 5–8.5	SSP 1–2.6	SSP 3–7.0	SSP 5–8.5
Global	−7 ± 3***	−12 ± 5***	−16 ± 4***	−1 ± 2**	−2 ± 5*	−2 ± 6*	−1 ± 2***	−5 ± 4***	−6 ± 5***	−8 ± 4***	−14 ± 5***	−18 ± 4***
Polar	−8 ± 10***	−5 ± 7***	−8 ± 11***	−3 ± 4***	−4 ± 5***	−4 ± 5***	2 ± 3***	1 ± 2	0 ± 2	−8 ± 11***	−5 ± 8***	−8 ± 13***
Temperate	−5 ± 3***	−7 ± 7***	−11 ± 5***	−1 ± 1***	−1 ± 2***	−2 ± 3***	−1 ± 2**	−4 ± 3***	−5 ± 3***	−5 ± 3***	−8 ± 8***	−12 ± 5***
Tropical	−9 ± 6***	−22 ± 10***	−27 ± 10***	0 ± 3	−2 ± 8	−2 ± 10*	−3 ± 3***	−7 ± 7***	−8 ± 8***	−12 ± 8***	−28 ± 12***	−34 ± 11***

Mean (± standard deviation) biomass change (%) in 2080 to 2100, relative to the mean over 1980–2000, for total zooplankton, carnivores (chaetognaths, jellyfish and carnivorous copepods), filter feeders (larvaceans and salps) and omnivores (euphausiids and omnivorous copepods) across SSPs and biomes. Note here that temperate and tropical, respectively, correspond to westerlies and trades Longhurst biomes and global results exclude the coastal biome (Extended Data Fig. 10 provides a map of the biomes). Each mean and standard deviation is calculated over five model simulations, with each simulation using a different Earth-system model to provide environmental forcings. P values from two-sided Mann–Whitney non-parametric U-tests comparing initial (1980–2000, n = 100; 20 years × 5 simulations) and final (2080–2100, n = 100) biomass change are summarized as: *0.01 < P ≤ 0.05, **0.001 < P ≤ 0.01 and ***P ≤ 0.001.

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