Fig. 2: Warm forced retreat of Pine Island Glacier.

a,b, Bedrock elevation with overlain grounding lines (a) and flowline profiles (b) during the warm forcing experiment. The zero position along the flowline in b corresponds to the present-day grounding line. c, Grounding-line position during the model simulation along the dashed cyan flowline that is shown in a. d,e, Total integrated melt rate over the entire ice shelf (d) and grounding-line flux and calving flux (e) during the experiment. The grounding-line flux is calculated along the present-day grounding-line position (dotted purple in Fig. 1) for all timesteps. The colour of grounding lines, profiles and plot markers in all panels show the model year during the experiment (increment of 2 yr). Shaded and unshaded regions in c–e indicate the different stages of retreat. Open markers in c–e show the steady-state grounding-line position, integrated melt rate and ice fluxes, respectively.