Extended Data Fig. 1: Adjusted associations between cold and heat exposure during early life and mean diffusivity at 9–12 years, stratified by neighbourhood socioeconomic status.

(a) Lag-response curves for 1,336 children living in high socioeconomic status neighbourhoods (b) Lag-response curves for 1,345 children living in low socioeconomic status neighbourhoods. Lag-response curves are plotted at the 5th percentile of temperature distribution for cold exposure and at 95th percentile of temperature distribution for heat exposure. Beta coefficients (β) are displayed as dark grey dots, with their 95% confidence intervals as grey light vertical lines. Significant associations are colored blue for cold and red for heat. Associations were obtained from distributed lag non-linear models adjusted for maternal and partner’s age, national origin, educational level and body mass index; monthly household income and residential surrounding greenness level; maternal social class based on occupation, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, folic acid supplementation during pregnancy, parity and marital status; child’s sex, child’s age at the magnetic resonance imaging session and month of conception. SES, socioeconomic status.