Table 2 Key attributes explaining (un)likelihood of transformational change processes for adaptation at the study sites
From: Perceived climate change impacts and adaptation responses in ten African mountain regions
Study site | Change agents | Learning and pathways to change | Scope and scale | Indications of sustainability of change | Overall grade |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BAM | Farmers themselves, no external support, no farmers’ associations | Limited learning, no room for experimenting due to ongoing conflict | Limited to some individuals | Limited sustainability of change | 0 |
ITO | Farmers themselves, no external support, no farmers’ associations | Limited learning, no room for experimenting due to ongoing conflict | Limited to some individuals | Limited sustainability of change | 0 |
NYU | NGOs and government extension services present | Limited learning among actors, limited room for experimenting due to government policies and law enforcement. | Limited to government choices (strong law enforcement). Externally driven commercially oriented agricultural change | Weak linkages between national and local goals, issue of food insecurity | 0.5 |
KIB | NGOs and government extension services present, and some farmers’ associations | Limited learning among actors | Limited to some individuals or villages (if NGO). Externally driven commercially oriented agricultural change | Weak linkages between national and local goals | 1.0 |
KIG | Some NGOs present, and some farmers’ associations | Limited learning among actors | Limited to some individuals | Limited sustainability of change | 1.0 |
ABE | NGO support in two villages, change agents mostly individuals, farmers’ associations present | NGOs support knowledge exchange, farmers engaged in experimenting | Individual level mostly, wealthier farmers have more options | Change driven by farmers keen to try new adaptation responses | 1.0 |
UDZ | NGOs and government extension services present, farmers’ associations present | Limited knowledge exchange among actors | Individual level mostly, wealthier farmers have more options | Change driven by farmers keen to try new adaptation responses | 1.0 |
BAL | Government extension services present | Limited learning among actors but extensive social networks spread interventions | From individual to village level | Change driven by multiple actors and extensive social networks, opportunity for linkages between national and local goals if learning among actors is strengthened | 1.5 |
KEN | Top farmers have an important role, NGO supports organic coffee certification (one village), farmers’ associations present | Top farmers allow for knowledge exchange, strong social capital among Meru, farmers engaged in experimenting | From individual to village level, changes beyond agriculture | Change driven by farmers keen to try new adaptation responses, strong social capital | 2.0 |
KIL | NGOs and government extension services present, farmers’ associations present | Limited knowledge exchange among actors, but farmers engaged in experimenting (high education, remittances from younger urban generations), strong social capital (for example, irrigation system) | From individual to village level, changes beyond agriculture | Change driven by farmers keen to try new things, strong social capital | 2.0 |
