Extended Data Fig. 6: Analysis of residuals in rooftop area estimation.

a, Residual analysis of rooftop areas at different scales using boxplots. To enhance visual clarity, the first four box plots are locally magnified. was used. In these boxplots, the lines from top to bottom represent the maximum, third quartile (upper quartile), median (middle value), first quartile (lower quartile), and minimum value. Points scattered outside the boxplots are considered outliers, indicating values that are different from the rest. The light gray line represents a residual equal to 0. b, an analysis of the distribution of residuals using a histogram. This method visually represents the frequency of the residual values. Both analyses in parts a and b are based on a set of 16,000 randomly selected grid samples.