Table 1 Governance challenges of marine-climate intervention risks

Ineffectiveness

Failure to achieve stated marine-climate mitigation or adaptation goal

Local/community scale of deployment

^{30,37,46,91,92}

Harm

Unintended cultural, social or ecological harm

Local/community scale of deployment

^93,94,95

Negligence

Further harm due to responsibility gaps in amelioration or restitution of intervention harms

Local/community scale of deployment

^49,96

Distrust

Public distrust/rejection of intervention

Local/community scale of deployment

³²

Global/system-wide

^33,97

Opportunity cost

High opportunity cost/crowding out of other critical collective actions for marine-climate mitigation or adaptation

Local/community scale of deployment

^9,98

Global/system-wide

^56,83,84,99