Extended Data Fig. 3: In the Gulf of Mexico many species shifted longitudinally toward the east.

Species movements in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico from trawl survey data post 1992. The colors indicate the mean sea surface temperature during the fall (averaged September, October, November). Cooler temperatures are present in the northern part of the Gulf along the US coast, and also in the eastern part of the Gulf along the western Florida coast. Here we show only species whose movement was farther east than the zonal component of horizontal climate velocity would suggest. Black diamonds represent the biomass weighted mean latitude and longitude of a single species at the earliest point it appears in the trawl data post 1992, we call this the ‘starting location’. The grey lines show simplified pathways taken by these species as straight lines connecting all weighted latitude longitude locations each year. The ‘x’, triangle, and circle markers show the last biomass weighted mean location of the species (the most recent year in which that species was present); we term this the ending location. The ‘x’ indicates that there was no significant linear temporal trend in depth for this species. The orange circle indicates the species moved in agreement with vertical climate velocity, the pink ‘down’ triangle indicates movement deeper than vertical climate velocity would suggest, and the green ‘up’ triangle indicates the species moved shallower than vertical climate velocity would suggest. Many of the species started out along the Texas and Louisiana coasts and migrated toward the west Florida coast.