Extended Data Fig. 3: Patterns of environmental resistance and climate distance.

For three exemplar focal cells in the (a) Amazon, (b) Sahel and (c) Siberia (Fig. 1), the environmental resistance and climate distance to all other cells was calculated. Environmental resistance is 1-biotic similarity, where biotic similarity is the proportion of species present in the focal cell that are also present in each other cell. Climate distance is the Euclidean distance in four-dimensional climate space between the conditions in the focal cell and each other cell. Bivariate plots show the relationship between the climatic distance and the environmental resistance of each cell relative to the focal cell, and these patterns are shown on the maps below.