Extended Data Fig. 4: Evolutionary shifts in sperm length across Mollusca.
From: Fertilization mode drives sperm length evolution across the animal tree of life
The 7 adaptive shifts detected in the evolutionary optima (θ), and their location are presented as green (positive shift in sperm length) or grey (negative shift in sperm length) circles. The size of the circle represents the magnitude of the shift. External fertilizers (blue), internal fertilizers (red), and spermcasters (purple) are depicted at terminal branches of the phylogeny.
