Extended Data Fig. 4: Kenyon cells in three hymenopteran insects.

(a) Expression of the KC marker Pka-C1 across all cell clusters (left) and whole-mount RNA detection of Pka-C1 by in situ hybridization (right) in a M. pharaonis worker brain. UMAP plot is colored by gene expression (grey is low and red is high) with red solid line indicating the KC clusters. White dotted circles indicate paired mushroom bodies with strong hybridization signal. (b) Pairwise Pearson correlations and hierarchical clustering of the H. saltator KC clusters based on gene expression, showing a clear division into two major classes. The gray numbers at the branches are confidence values based on bootstrap method. (c) Re-analysis of the A. mellifera single-cell dataset. Top left: UMAP plot showing the clustering result of the 2,205 cells from Traniello et al³⁵, which are grouped into 13 clusters. Top right: Expression of the honeybee KC marker Phospholipase C epsilon (PLCε) across the 2,205 cells. Dashed line indicates the six clusters that preferentially expressed PLCε. Bottom left: Pairwise Pearson correlations and hierarchical clustering of the six honeybee KC clusters in similar notation as panel b. Bottom right: Dot plot showing the expression of representative markers that define the known KC subtypes in honeybee brains.