Fig. 2: The timescale of land plant evolution.

Divergence times in millions of years as inferred using a molecular clock model, 68 fossil calibrations and an HGT. The inference that the common ancestor of embryophytes lived during the Cambrian is robust to the choice of maximum age constraints (Supplementary Methods). The divergence times of hornworts are constrained by an HGT into polypod ferns, with the result that the hornwort crown is inferred to have diverged during the Permian–Triassic. The nodes are positioned on the mean age, and the bars represent the 95% highest posterior density.