Extended Data Fig. 2: Additional outgroup-free rooting analyses.

Unrooted maximum likelihood tree inferred from an alignment of 11 species and single copy orthogroups under the LG + C60 + G4 + F model. Four candidate root positions for embryophytes were investigated using ALE. For the ALE analysis, the unrooted tree was rooted in each of the twelve positions and scaled to geological time based on the results of the divergence time analysis and gene clusters were reconciled using the ALEml algorithm. The likelihood of the four embryophyte roots was assessed with an approximate unbiased (AU) test. The AU test significantly rejected 3 out of the 4 roots, favouring only a root between bryophytes and tracheophytes.