Fig. 2: Study design for assessing bee pesticide exposure and risk in relation to different ecological traits and landscape contexts. | Nature Ecology & Evolution

Fig. 2: Study design for assessing bee pesticide exposure and risk in relation to different ecological traits and landscape contexts.

From: Ecological traits interact with landscape context to determine bees’ pesticide risk

Fig. 2

a,b, We introduced sentinels of three bee species that vary in their sociality and foraging range to fields of three pollinator-dependent crops (a) across a gradient of land use in southernmost Sweden (b). Our focal bee species were A. mellifera, an extensive forager; B. terrestris, an intermediate forager; and O. bicornis, a limited forager. c, The activity periods and flowering phenology of bees and crops overlapped, except for red clover and O. bicornis. d, Non-agricultural (other non-ag) plant species/groups often dominated pollen use at each site (x axis) and bees tended to use more of the focal crop pollen than other agricultural (other ag) types. Pollen use and pesticide residue data are unavailable for red clover and O. bicornis due to non-overlapping phenologies (c). Due to colony failure, data are also absent for B. terrestris colonies at two apple sites. Images in a and map in b are free to use under creative commons licences (CC-BY and CC0).

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