Extended Data Fig. 5: Relationship between selection and gene age associated with eusocial origins, maintenance, and reversions to solitary life histories.
From: Convergent and complementary selection shaped gains and losses of eusociality in sweat bees
Gene age ranges from the oldest Bilaterian group (Age=1) to the youngest, halictid-specific taxonomically restricted genes (Age=9). The relaxation panel demonstrates that there is a greater proportion of young genes experiencing relaxed selection when eusociality is lost (HyPhy RELAX, FDR < 0.1; Pearson’s r = 0.869, p = 0.002); we find no significant association with relaxation on extant, eusocial branches (Pearson correlation, r = −0.044, p = 0.91). Next, we looked at the sets of genes that show intensification of selection pressures (HyPhy RELAX, FDR < 0.1), but neither of these sets showed any significant association with gene age (Eusocial: Pearson correlation, r = 0.244, p = 0.492; Solitary: Pearson correlation, r = 0.627, p = 0.071). Finally, we looked at genes that showed evidence of positive selection (HyPhy aBSREL, FDR < 0.05). We found no relationship between gene age and the proportion of genes with evidence of positive selection on at least 1 branch representing the origins of eusociality (Positive, gains: Pearson correlation, r = 0.156, p = 0.688). Likewise, there was no relationship between gene age and the proportion of genes with evidence for positive selection (HyPhy aBSREL, FDR < 0.05) on at least 1 loss branch in the Halictini and on 1 loss branch in the Augochlorini (Positive, losses: Pearson correlation, r = 0.403, p = 0.283). Shading represents the 95% confidence intervals.
