Extended Data Fig. 1: Estimates of global terrestrial ecosystem respiration vary more widely among terrestrial biosphere models than among data-driven models.

Terrestrial biosphere model (TBM) estimates of the global total ecosystem respiration (R_E) are shown from the MsTMIP v2 (pink) and TRENDY v6 (brown) model intercomparison projects for the period 2007–2010. Data-driven estimates of global total R_E include those from three FLUXCOM models (orange) for the same period (2007–2010). In addition, three remote-sensing based estimates from different periods are also included as data-driven estimates, namely, estimates from Yuan et al.²⁴ for 2000–-2003 (blue), Ai et al.²⁵ for 2001–2010 (green), and Konings et al.²³ for 2010–2012 (beige). Note that the global estimate from Ai et al.²⁵ is rescaled to be consistent with the global domain in Yuan et al.²⁴, assuming the same ratio between global R_E and the total R_E for land south of 65 ^∘N and excluding mosaic crops and natural vegetation. The estimate of total ecosystem respiration from Konings et al.²³ is calculated as the sum of heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration estimates presented in their data product. The top axis shows R_E in equivalent flux units if averaged over the global land area (1.49 × 10⁸ km²).