Extended Data Fig. 1: Documented programs to monitor population genetic diversity for conservation and management in COST member countries, as an indicator of genetic monitoring effort, GME, up to 31 December 2021.

(a) The geographic distribution of monitoring effort to countries, as a tally across all domestic and wild terrestrial and marine species indicates that countries with relatively high effort for monitoring are found in both northern and southern Europe. COST countries in southeastern Europe present generally low genetic monitoring effort. (b) The distribution of programs to countries shows that most countries have established six or fewer monitoring programs.