Extended Data Fig. 1: Authentication of ancient DNA data using MapDamage.

On the left, cytosine deamination patterns. X axis indicates the relative nucleotide position of the reads. Plots show the proportion of T where the reference genome possesses a C (red) and proportion of A where the reference possesses a G (blue). Increased C to T substitutions towards the ends of the read are typical damage patterns for ancient data, although the single-stranded library preparation with UDG (uracil–DNA glycosylase) treatment reduced this pattern. Plot on the right represents the fragment length distribution. Minimum read length for mapping used was 30 bp, resulting in a truncation of the plot.