Extended Data Fig. 9: Effects of geographic range on apparent plasticity and adaptation.

Relationships between the latitudinal and longitudinal range of specimens of a species and estimates of apparent plasticity (S_time) and apparent adaptation (S_space – S_time). Latitudinal ranges in (a, b) and longitudinal ranges in (c, d) were obtained by first removing the extreme 1% of observations among observations for each species. In a–d, blue lines in each panel correspond to best-fit lines obtained using generalized additive models (GAMs), with blue ribbons showing the standard error of the predicted value of the response for each value of the predictors. R² are provided as text insets in each panel. Although apparent plasticity and adaptation showed marginally greater magnitude among species with narrower latitudinal and longitudinal range, these relationships explained a very small proportion of the variance. Therefore, we conclude that it is unlikely that differences in latitudinal or longitudinal range size could confound the results presented in the main text. GAMs using apparent plasticity or apparent adaptation as a response and including both latitudinal and longitudinal range as predictors also explained a marginal proportion of the variance (R² = 0.10 and R² = 0.05, respectively).