Fig. 2: Location of the six study regions and study plots across the Amazonian and Atlantic forests in Brazil.
From: Winner–loser plant trait replacements in human-modified tropical forests
a, Black circles illustrate the landscapes surrounding each study plot at the largest analysed spatial scale. b, Our multiscale approach showing concentric buffers (that is, ‘local landscapes’; ref. 5) surrounding each plot (500, 1,000 and 2,000 m radii), within which we assessed the landscape variables. The study regions (1, Balbina; 2, Santarém; 3, Paragominas; 4, Paraíba; 5, Serra Grande; 6, Una) have markedly different land-use patterns and histories, as they include some of the oldest agricultural frontiers in Brazil (regions 4 and 5) and regions recently disturbed by flooding for energy generation (region 1) or for agriculture (regions 2 and 3). They also have different anthropogenic matrices, including water (region 1), diverse agriculture (regions 2 and 3), sugar cane monoculture (region 4), urban areas (region 5) and mixed agroforestry and pasture (region 6).
