Fig. 4: Correlations between effects on abundance-weighted means and upper 5% percentiles of community trait distributions.
From: Winner–loser plant trait replacements in human-modified tropical forests
a–d, Points represent the standardized causal effect estimates (that is, effect sizes) of models, colours represent the study regions and point sizes represent the spatial scale at which we measured the landscape variables. Traits are organized by columns and predictors by rows. To estimate the total causal effect of forest loss (a), fragmentation (b), edge density (c) and local degradation (d), we used models with specific sets of control variables (see Fig. 3). Points in the bottom left and upper right sides of each panel (separated by dashed lines showing zero effects) illustrate similar effects in direction, while those in the bottom right and upper left sides illustrate contrasting effects. Correlations with lower 5% percentiles are shown in Extended Data Fig. 4.
