Table 1 Overview of existing ISOS protocols and suggested additional protocols that account for the properties of perovskite materials and devices

From: Consensus statement for stability assessment and reporting for perovskite photovoltaics based on ISOS procedures

Test ID

Light source

Temperature

Rel. humidity

Environment/Set-up

Characterization light source

Load

Dark storage (ISOS-D)

ISOS-D-1

None

Ambient (23 ± 4 °C)

Ambient

Ambient air

Solar simulator or sunlight

OC

ISOS-D-2

None

65, 85 °C

Ambient

Oven, ambient air

Solar simulator

OC

ISOS-D-3

None

65, 85 °C

85%

Env. chamber

Solar simulator

OC

Bias stability (ISOS-V)

ISOS-V-1

None

Ambient (23 ± 4 °C)

Ambient

Ambient air

Solar simulator

Positive: VMPP; Voc; Eg/q; JSC

Negative: –Voc, JMPPa

ISOS-V-2

None

65, 85 °C

Ambient

Oven, ambient air

Solar simulator

ISOS-V-3

None

65, 85 °C

85%

Env. chamber

Solar simulator

Light-soaking (ISOS-L)

ISOS-L-1

Solar simulator

Ambient (23 ± 4 °C)

Ambient

Light only

Solar simulator

MPP or OC

ISOS-L-2

Solar simulator

65, 85 °C

Ambient

Light & temperature

Solar simulator

MPP or OC

ISOS-L-3

Solar simulator

65, 85 °C

~ 50%

Light, temperature & RH

Solar simulator

MPP

Outdoor stability (ISOS-O)

ISOS-O-1

Sunlight

Ambient

Ambient

Outdoor

Solar simulator

MPP or OC

ISOS-O-2

Sunlight

Ambient

Ambient

Outdoor

Sunlight

MPP or OC

ISOS-O-3

Sunlight

Ambient

Ambient

Outdoor

Sunlight and Solar simulator

MPP

Thermal cycling (ISOS-T)

ISOS-T-1

None

RT to 65, 85 °C

Ambient

Hot plate/ oven

Solar simulator

OC

ISOS-T-2

None

RT to 65, 85 °C

Ambient

Oven/env. chamber

Solar simulator

OC

ISOS-T-3

None

−40 to + 85 °C

< 55%b)

Env. chamber

Solar simulator

OC

Light cycling (ISOS-LC)

ISOS-LC-1

Solar simulator/ Dark Cycle period: 2, 8, or 24 h Duty cycle: 1:1 or 1:2

Ambient (23 ± 4 °C)

Ambient

Light only

Solar simulator

MPP or OC

ISOS-LC-2

65, 85 °C

Ambient

Light & temperature

Solar simulator

MPP or OC

ISOS-LC-3

65, 85 °C

< 50%

Light, temperature & RH

Solar simulator

MPP

Solar-thermal cycling (ISOS-LT)

ISOS-LT-1

Solar simulator

Linear or step ramping between room temp. and 65 °C

Monitored, uncontrolled

Weathering chamber

Solar simulator

MPP or OC

ISOS-LT-2

Solar simulator

Linear ramping between 5 °C and 65 °C

Monitored, controlled at 50% beyond 40 °C

Env. chamber with sun simulator

Solar simulator

MPP or OC

ISOS-LT-3

Solar simulator

Linear ramping between −25 °C and 65 °C

Monitored, controlled at 50% beyond 40 °C

Env. chamber with sun simulator and freezing

Solar simulator

MPP or OC

  1. Each test group is divided into three levels of sophistication that reflect the complexity of required equipment and the harshness of the applied stress. Reported ISOS protocols are taken from ref. 11. Proposed additional ISOS protocols are printed in bold.
  2. aVOC, VMPP, and JMPP are determined from light J–V curves measured under standard solar cell testing conditions on a fresh device. Eg and q are the band gap of the active layer and elementary charge, respectively.
  3. bRelative humidity is controlled at temperatures above 40 °C and is not controlled for the remainder of the cycle. Env., environmental; OC, open-circuit condition; MPP, maximum power point; RT, room temperature; RH, relative humidity.
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