Fig. 1: Illustration of hydrogen storage and release based on formic acid.

a, Catalytic CO2 hydrogenation to formic acid and its dehydrogenation to H2 and CO2 in the presence of bases. Cat., Catalyst. b, Concept of the carbon-neutral chemical hydrogen storage and release described in this work. The chemical hydrogen storage and release is based on the interconversion of CO2, amino acid (AA), H2 and FA. Retaining CO2 in the cycle (bold arrows) is advantageous compared with CO2 recycling (dotted arrows). Green arrows represent recharge, while pink ones show discharge.