Fig. 3: Association between historical red-lining grade and the likelihood of a fossil fuel power plant being sited upwind.

Points are adjusted effect estimates from regression models controlling for the presence of power plants before 1940 and region and stratified by period of the power plants' first operation. Error bars correspond to 95% CIs. Models include all HOLC-graded neighbourhoods. X axes are log scaled. PR is prevalence ratio from Poisson regression models; IRR is incidence rate ratio from negative binomial models. Dotted lines denote the null of no association. Grey shading distinguishes the outcomes.