Fig. 5: Association between historical red-lining grade and present-day power plant emissions.

Points are GMRs obtained from log-linear regression models controlling for the presence of power plants before 1940 and region. Error bars correspond to 95% CIs. Models include only HOLC-graded neighbourhoods with operational upwind power plants within 5 km. X axes are log scaled. Dotted lines denote the null of no association.