Fig. 2: Simulation of cascading failures in the Texas power grid induced by Hurricane Claudette.
From: Increasing the resilience of the Texas power grid against extreme storms by hardening critical lines
a, Schematic variation of power outage Pout and total energy not supplied Eout (red area) before (Pre-contingency), during (Hurricane phase) and after (Restoration phase) the TC passage (loosely based on ref. 38). b, Summary of all realizations of power outage trajectories simulated for Hurricane Claudette. Trajectories fall into two categories: those that aggregate damages gradually over time (Type I) and those that include a large cascade (Type II). c,d, States of the power grid at the beginning and the end of the TC passage for two exemplary Type I and Type II trajectories highlighted in panel b. Lines shown in black are destroyed (primary damages) or deactivated (secondary failures) during TC passage (Supplementary Video 1 shows the structure of failures during the simulation). The colour code of the remaining lines indicates relative line loading, with darker colours indicating higher relative loads. Blue dashed lines indicate the track of the storm centre and blue arrows denote the direction of the storm’s movement. Blue shaded circles indicate snapshots of the storm’s wind field, with darker colours indicating higher wind speeds. Methods and Supplementary Note 5 provide the specification of the model parameters and an animation of the cascading failures and load dynamics during the passage of Claudette.
