Fig. 5: STEM–EDS analysis of the complete solar cell.

a, Distributions of the absorber elements and Rb at ‘Pos2.1’ (lamella 2), as deduced by STEM–EDS. The colour code refers to the atomic concentrations in at.%, ranging from the corresponding minimum (Min) to the maximum (Max) values. b, GGI, AAC and normalized Cd, Mo and Rb depth profiles, extracted along the rectangle indicated by the dashed white arrow in the Ga map in a (depth corresponds to direction of the arrow). The grey areas indicate the electrode/buffer regions. c, Corresponding STEM-DF image. The region ‘Pos2.2’, as indicated by the dashed white box, is shown in more detail in Fig. 6.