Fig. 4: Impact of methane leakage and capture rate on life-cycle GHG emissions intensity of blue hydrogen.

Impact of carbon capture rate (%, x axis) and supply-chain methane emissions rate (%, y axis) on the life-cycle GHG emissions intensity of blue hydrogen production from the Marcellus (a,b) and Permian (c,d) basins on a GWP-100 basis. The dotted line represents the threshold of 4 kgCO2e kg−1 H2 to qualify for 45V PTC in the IRA. The stars represent the base case with pre- and post-combustion capture rates (theoretical in blue and measured in black). The triangles represent scenarios with only pre-combustion capture. a,c, Assume electricity emissions based on average grid emissions factors. b,d, Assume the availability of hourly matched, zero emissions clean electricity.