Fig. 5: Approximation of the carbon and energy value ratio of solid biomass between the least-cost biomass usage and when biomass, except for MSW, is excluded, as calculated through the resulting shadow prices for CO2 and H2.
From: Diversity of biomass usage pathways to achieve emissions targets in the European energy system
H2 is assumed as the reference for biomass energy, with prices consumption weighted over all regions and time steps. Upper panels show resulting shadow prices (left y axis) and the carbon/hydrogen value ratio of solid biomass (right y axis). Lower panels show the prices normalized to the value when biomass is excluded. a,b, Net-negative (−110%) scenarios with carbon sequestration capacity limited to 600 (a) and 1,500 Mt CO2 (b). c, A net-zero scenario with carbon sequestration capacity limited to 140 Mt CO2. Solid biomass is assumed to generate 0.3667 t CO2 MWh−1 at combustion.
