Extended Data Table 1 Cost and efficiency assumptions of biomass technologies, e-fuels and direct air capture, compared to assumptions in key studies

From: Diversity of biomass usage pathways to achieve emissions targets in the European energy system

  1. Capital expenditure (CAPEX) costs have been converted to €2015 for Luderer and Klein, who use 2005, through the Chemical Engineering Plant Cost Index (CEPCI)149 and subsequent conversion to €. ηel denotes the conversion efficiency specifically from biomass to electricity, while ηfu = fuel efficiency, ηth = thermal efficiency and ηcc = carbon capture efficiency. The data from Bogdanov et.al.150 is for 2040. FT = Fischer-Tropsch, CC = carbon capture, SNG = substitute natural gas, CHP = combined heat and power.
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