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Present status of and future opportunities for all-perovskite tandem photovoltaics

Nature Energy volume 10, pages 681–696 (2025)Cite this article

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Abstract

All-perovskite tandem solar cells represent the forefront of next-generation photovoltaic technologies, offering a promising pathway to exceeding the Shockley–Queisser efficiency limits of single-junction solar cells while maintaining cost-effectiveness and scalability. However, the transition from laboratory-scale prototypes to commercially viable products faces numerous challenges. Large-area fabrication requires the development of scalable manufacturing techniques while minimizing performance losses compared with laboratory-scale spin coating. Additionally, achieving long-term stability, reliability, efficient integration from cell to module, and high yield during practical deployment remain critical hurdles. Here we address these key aspects, summarize the latest field advancements and highlight strategies to overcome these challenges. By offering insights into the pathway towards reliable, durable and high-performance all-perovskite tandem photovoltaics, we aim to support their deployment in large-scale applications.

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Fig. 1: Strategies to enhance efficiency in WBG and NBG subcells.
Fig. 2: Operational stability of subcells and tandem photovoltaics.
Fig. 3: Upscaling the fabrication of all-perovskite tandem cells.
Fig. 4: Prospects of all-perovskite tandem photovoltaics.

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Acknowledgements

H.T. and J.W. acknowledge financial support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFB4200304), National Natural Science Foundation of China (T2325016, U21A2076, 61974063, 62125402, 62321166653 and 62305150), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BE2022021, BE2022026, BK20202008, BK20190315 and BK20232022), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (0213/14380206 and 0205/14380252), Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling Fund (DLTD2109), “GeoX” Interdisciplinary Research Funds for the Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling at Nanjing University and Program for Innovative Talents and Entrepreneurs in Jiangsu. H.H. and U.W.P. acknowledge funding partly provided by the European Union (ERC Consolidator Grant, LAMI-PERO; 101087673). However, the views and opinions expressed are those of the authors only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or European Research Council Executive Agency. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. H.H. and U.W.P. acknowledge funding by the Helmholtz Association via the programme-oriented funding (POFIV, MTET T1, 38.01.03) and SolarTAP. C.C. acknowledges support from the Innovation Project of Optics Valley Laboratory (OVL2024ZD002). D.P.M. and H.J.S. are funded by the European Union. However, the views and opinions expressed are those of the authors only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the Research and Innovation Agency. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. The NEXUS project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under grant agreement number 101075330. We acknowledge additional support from the programme grants funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, including Application Targeted and Integrated Photovoltaics (EP/T028513/1) and Health Education and Training for Public Value (EP/V027131/1).

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Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Jin Wen, Hang Hu, Chao Chen, David P. McMeekin.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China

    Jin Wen, Ke Xiao, Renxing Lin & Hairen Tan

  2. Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany

    Hang Hu & Ulrich W. Paetzold

  3. Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany

    Hang Hu & Ulrich W. Paetzold

  4. Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

    Chao Chen & Jiang Tang

  5. Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    David P. McMeekin & Henry J. Snaith

  6. Research and Development Center, Renshine Solar, Suzhou, China

    Ye Liu & Hairen Tan

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Contributions

J.W., H.H., C.C. and D.P.M. jointly contributed to the conceptualization, literature analysis, figure preparation, and manuscript writing. R.L., K.X. and Y.L. compiled the data for the article. H.T., H.J.S., U.W.P. and J.T. reviewed and/or edited the manuscript before submission.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Henry J. Snaith, Jiang Tang, Ulrich W. Paetzold or Hairen Tan.

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Competing interests

H.T. is the founder, Chief Scientific Officer and Chairman of Renshine Solar, a company that is commercializing perovskite photovoltaics. H.J.S. is the co-founder and Chief Scientific Officer of Oxford PV. The other authors declare no competing interests.

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Wen, J., Hu, H., Chen, C. et al. Present status of and future opportunities for all-perovskite tandem photovoltaics. Nat Energy 10, 681–696 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-025-01782-0

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