Extended Data Fig. 2: CFC-11 loss region and mean circulation.

The stratospheric mean meridional circulation calculated from ERA-Interim reanalysis products averaged over 1995–2015. The arrow lengths represent the strength of the horizontal and vertical components of the mean circulation, and the arrow shading indicates the magnitude of the standard deviation of the vertical component of the circulation on time scales longer than seasonal. The shaded regions represent where the time average CFC-11 photochemical loss occurred from a WACCM run. The loss contour interval is 2.5 × 10−5 ppt/s. The average tropopause pressure from ERA-Interim is shown by the orange line. The red symbols represent the latitudes and average pressures of SH surface measurement sites within the NOAA GMD network.