Extended Data Fig. 4: Observed monthly variability of LSW volume.

Monthly time series of the total area (unit: m2) with low potential vorticity (PV≤6 × 10−12m−1s−1) across OSNAP West from observations (black), and the total volume (unit: m3) with low PV in the entire Labrador Basin (gray) from the Met Office Hadley Centre observational datasets EN4.2.1 (S. A. Good, M. J. Martin, M. J. & N. A. Rayner, N. A., J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 118, 6704–6716; 2013). Plotted are the anomalies relative to the 21-month mean.