Extended Data Fig. 10: 2-D Models of postseismic deformation to test the effects of upper plate thickness.

The model setup is identical to that in Fig. 2 (Methods), except for the use of different upper plate thicknesses and/or coseismic slip depths in different simulations. Shown cumulative postseismic displacements are 5 years after an earthquake, normalized by peak coseismic slip. a, Model tests showing how the upper plate thickness affects postseismic forearc uplift with or without the elastic cold nose. Minor uplift in the area of interest may occur without the cold nose if the upper plate in the warm arc and backarc area is unreasonably thick (that is, 50 km). b, Same as a except for deeper coseismic slip. c, Model structure and parameters. Inset shows coseismic slip distribution along the megathrust for the models in a (Reference) and b (Deeper).