Extended Data Fig. 6: Potential new particle sources during cruise measurements.

Signals of gas phase H2SO4, MSA, HIO3, oxygenated organic molecules, C2 amines, and C4 amines. ‘NPF’ refers to periods where NPF was actively occurring (presuming a 0.5 nm h-1 growth rate below 4.5 nm), ‘Non NPF’ refers to the rest of the measurement period. Error bars represent 1 standard error on measured values.