Extended Data Table 4 List of collected temperature records from or close to the European Alps. List of collected temperature records from or close to the European Alps, sorted by time periods of interest, used in this study with information about site/location, archive type, proxy type, season and reference. Note that summer is the main flooding season (Table 1). References are the following: (1) Heiri O., Ilyashuk B., Millet L., Samartin S., Lotter A.F. (2015) Stacking of discontinuous regional palaeoclimate records: Chironomid-based summer temperatures from the Alpine region. The Holocene 25(1) 137–149; (2) Samartin S., Heiri O., Joos F., Renssen H., Franke J., Brönnimann S., Tinner W. (2017) Warm Mediterranean mid-Holocene summers inferred from fossil midge assemblages. Nature Geoscience. DOI: 10.1038/NGEO2891; (3) Büntgen U., Franck D.C., Nievergelt D., Esper J. (2006) Summer Temperature Variations in the European Alps, A.D. 755–2004, Journal of Climate, 19, 5606–5623; (4) Büntgen U., Tegel W., Nicolussi K., McCormick M., Frank D., Trouet V., Kaplan J.O., Herzig F., Heussner K.U., Wanner H., Luterbacher J., Esper J. (2011) 2500 Years of European Climate Variability and Human Susceptibility, Science 331, 578; (5) Corona C., Guiot J., Edouard J.L., Chalié F., Büntgen U., Nola P., Urbinati C. (2010) Millennium-long summer temperature variations in the European Alps as reconstructed from tree rings. Clim. Past, 6, 379–400; (6) Larocque-Tobler I., Heiri O., Wehrli M. (2010) Late Glacial and Holocene temperature changes at Egelsee, Switzerland, reconstructed using subfossil chironomids. J Palaeolimnology, 43:649–666; (7) Larocque-Tobler I., Stewart M.M., Quinlan R., Trachsel M., Kamenik C., Grosjean M. (2012) A last millennium temperature reconstruction using chironomids preserved in sediments of anoxic Seebergsee (Switzerland): consensus at local, regional and Central European scales. Quaternary Science Reviews 41, 49–56; (8) Mangini A., Spötl C., Verdes P. (2005) Reconstruction of temperature in the Central Alps during the past 2000 yr from a y18O stalagmite record. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 235, 741– 751; (9) Trachsel M., Kamenik C., Grosjean M., McCarroll S., Moberg A., Brázdil R., Büntgen U., Dobrovolný P., Esper J., Frank D.C., Friedrich M., Glaser R., Larocque-Tobler I., Nicolussi K., Riemann D. (2012) Multi-archive summer temperature reconstruction for the European Alps, AD 1053–1996. Quaternary Science Reviews 46 (2012) 66–79; (10) Auer I, Böhm R, Jurkovic A, Lipa W, Orlik A, Potzmann R, Schöner W, Ungersböck M, Matulla C, Briffa K, Jones PD, Efthymiadis D, Brunetti M, Nanni T, Maugeri M, Mercalli L, Mestre O, Moisselin J-M, Begert M, Müller-Westermeier G, Kveton V, Bochnicek O, Stastny P, Lapin M, Szalai S, Szentimrey T, Cegnar T, Dolinar M, Gajic-Capka M, Zaninovic K, Majstorovic Z, Nieplova E, 2007. HISTALP – Historical instrumental climatological surface time series of the greater Alpine region 1760–2003. International Journal of Climatology 27: 17–46

From: Impact of warmer climate periods on flood hazard in the European Alps