Extended Data Fig. 1: Anthropogenic aerosol and greenhouse gas driven changes in North Atlantic SST trend and net surface heat flux.

(a,c,e) Changes (relative to the preindustrial time) in annual mean SST trend (color shading in K/decade) and net surface heat flux (contours in W/m2, with a contour interval of 3 W/m2, zero contours thickened, positive solid and negative dashed, positive downward) in the North Atlantic during 1861–2005 for the multi-model means of the HIST-AER simulations with (a) the 9-model ensemble, (c) 11 CMIP5 models and (e) 11 CMIP6 models. (b,d,f) As in (a,c,e) but for the multi-model means of the HIST-GHG simulations.