Human exploration of the Solar System began on the Moon during the space race of the mid-twentieth century. To facilitate documentation and study of the human influence on the Moon, we argue it is time to designate a ‘Lunar Anthropocene’.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Relevant articles
Open Access articles citing this article.
-
The role of extremophile microbiomes in terraforming Mars
Communications Biology Open Access 17 November 2025
-
The LimPa mission: a small mission proposal to characterize the enigmatic lunar dust exosphere
Earth, Planets and Space Open Access 09 December 2024
Access options
Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals
Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription
$32.99 / 30 days
cancel any time
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $21.58 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on SpringerLink
- Instant access to the full article PDF.
USD 39.95
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout


Change history
24 June 2024
In the version of the article initially published, the Fig. 2g legend originally said “footprints from Apollo 13” which has now been amended to “footprints from Apollo 12” in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.
References
Ilardo, M. & Nielsen, R. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 53, 77–82 (2018).
Hublin, J.-J. et al. Nature 546, 289–292 (2017).
Waters, M. R. Science 365, eaat5447 (2019).
Wilkinson, B. H. Geology 33, 161 (2005).
Kemp, D. B., Sadler, P. M. & Vanacker, V. Nat. Commun. 11, 6012 (2020).
Crutzen, P. J. & Stoermer, E. F. Glob. Change Newsl. 41, 17–41 (2000).
Zalasiewicz, J. et al. GSA Today 18, 4–8 (2008).
Lewis, S. L. & Maslin, M. A. Nature 519, 171–180 (2015).
Waters, C. N. & Turner, S. D. Science 378, 706–708 (2022).
Witze, A. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-00542-4 (2022).
Peeters, W. New Space 6, 187–190 (2018).
Crutzen, P. J. Nature 415, 23 (2002).
Glikson, A. Anthropocene 3, 89–92 (2013).
Waters, C. N., Zalasiewicz, J. A., Williams, M., Ellis, M. A. & Snelling, A. M. A Stratigraphical Basis for the Anthropocene? (Geological Society of London, 2014); https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.18
Subramanian, M. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-01641-5 (2019).
Steffen, W., Broadgate, W., Deutsch, L., Gaffney, O. & Ludwig, C. Anthr. Rev. 2, 81–98 (2015).
Schäfer, G. Anthropocene Working Group proposes Crawford Lake as GSSP candidate site of the Anthropocene series. Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology (12 July 2023); https://go.nature.com/3R4zW7D
Witze, A. Nature 612, 397–399 (2022).
Wilhelms, D., McCauley, J. & Trask, N. The geologic history of the Moon (US Government Printing Office, 1987).
Holcomb, J. A. et al. Geoarchaeology 38, 513–533 (2023).
Prem, P., Hurley, D. M., Goldstein, D. B. & Varghese, P. L. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 125, e2020JE006464 (2020).
UCS Satellite Database (Union of Concerned Scientists, accessed 22 August 2022); https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database
Acknowledgements
We thank H. Erftenbeck, B. O’Leary, C. Runnels, D. Stewart, H. Beran and M. Niquette for helpful discussions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Holcomb, J.A., Mandel, R.D. & Wegmann, K.W. The case for a lunar anthropocene. Nat. Geosci. 17, 2–4 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01347-4
Published:
Version of record:
Issue date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01347-4
This article is cited by
-
A call to address humanity’s cosmic footprint
Nature Astronomy (2025)
-
The role of extremophile microbiomes in terraforming Mars
Communications Biology (2025)
-
The LimPa mission: a small mission proposal to characterize the enigmatic lunar dust exosphere
Earth, Planets and Space (2024)