Extended Data Fig. 2: Extent of seasonally dry Afrotropical forests on heavily weathered soils, showing study location in Uganda (red dot).

a-c, Afrotropical forests cover distinguished between rainforests and seasonally dry tropical forests (moist deciduous forests and seasonally dry forests) based on the Global Forest Resources Assessment⁸⁰ (a). Heavily weathered soils dominated by low activity clays (Ferralsols, Acrisols, Lixisols, Nitisols) and less weathered soils dominated by high activity clays (Cambisols, Luvisols, Vertisols, Planosols, Alisols) in the African tropics using the 250 m SOILGRID dataset⁸¹ classified according to FAO World Reference Base for soil resource⁶³ (b). Only seasonally dry forests (that is, experience dry seasons (precipitation < 100 mm month⁻¹) of three or more consecutive months) on heavily weathered soils dominated by low activity clays and likely to exhibit nutrient limitation with increasing drought conditions (c).