Extended Data Fig. 5: Regional means of temperature, aerosol composition, and pH buffering capacity composition.

Regional means of temperature, aerosol composition (calculated using ion-equivalent concentrations to reflect aerosol charge balance), and pH buffering capacity composition from 2011 to 2020. Blue, green, and orange areas in panels (f–o) show contributions (cntr) of SO42−, NO3T, and NH4T to aerosol composition or aerosol pH buffering capacity. Grey and purple areas show contributions of non-volatile cations (NVC) and chloride ion (Cl−) to aerosol composition.