Extended Data Fig. 6: Differences in ammonia emission hotspots and satellite observed ammonia hotspots.

Differences in NH3 hotspots defined based on the 2017 emission inventory and satellite observations. (a) NH3 emissions and (b) NH3 column densities from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI). IASI NH3 column densities are derived from observations between 2008–2017 (IASI v2.2R)37. Solid, dashed, and dotted lines show the boundaries of the areas <50 km, 50–150 km, 150–300 km within an NH3 emission hotspot in panel (a) or an NH3 hotspot in panel (b). NH3 emission hotspots in panel (a) are the areas of the areas of the 95th or high NH3 emission rates in 2017 in the Contiguous US. NH3 hotspots in panel (b) are the areas of the 95th percentile NH3 column density in the Contiguous US. The base map is obtained from Natural Earth.