Fig. 3: Geodynamic and thermomechanical calculations guide expectations for the evolution of LIPs.
From: Cryptic degassing and protracted greenhouse climates after flood basalt events
a, Mantle melting is predicted to last 5 Myr or more. b, A rheological transition in the crust on timescales of ~105 years throttles ascent of magmas from deeper storage regions. c, SCION sensitivity tests for the end-Permian with median Siberian Traps co-eruptive outgassing and cryptic degassing ranging from 1013 to 3 × 1013 mol CO2 yr−1 for 2, 4, 6 or 8 Myr, showing that maintaining a given level of warming requires a minimum CO2 flux; if cryptic degassing satisfies this flux, the duration of warming depends on the duration of cryptic degassing and cumulative emissions. d, The combined influence of prolonged mantle melting and declining surface volcanism decouples CO2 flux from volcanic output, with high cryptic CO2 fluxes during early and waning phases of LIP emplacement. During early emplacement, magmas solidify in the cold lithosphere, exsolving gas. During late emplacement, the rheologic shift shown in b inhibits eruptions, but cryptic degassing continues from magmas solidifying in the lower crust and mantle lithosphere.
