Extended Data Fig. 7: Geomorphic impacts of the 2021 flood in the lower reaches of Melamchi Khola.

Massive aggradation (15–23 m) was observed on the riverbed near Kyul. Following change detection indicates rapid evacuation of sediment (1–6 m lowering between Oct 2021 and Dec 2023). Intense lateral erosion and large slope failure at where the river curves near Talamarang. The slope failure extended further upslope during Oct 2021-Dec 2023. Credit: satellite images, Pléiades © CNES 2021, Distribution AIRBUS DS.