Extended Data Fig. 8: Field observations in the middle and lower reaches of the Melamchi Khola. | Nature Geoscience

Extended Data Fig. 8: Field observations in the middle and lower reaches of the Melamchi Khola.

From: Erosional cascade during the 2021 Melamchi flood

Extended Data Fig. 8

The DoD results were validated at Sarkathali, the MWSP headwork, and Melamchi Bazaar. Elevation change measurements are consistent between the DoD and in-situ observations. (a-c) Incision of terrace and debris fan deposits around Sarkathali, large riverbank landslides between Sarkathali and the headwork of the Melamchi Water Supply Project (MWSP), and significant aggradation around and below the headwork site. (d-f) Aggradation of 5–10 m around the confluence of the Melamchi Khola and Yangri Khola. Contrast to the upstream parts, post-flood sediment evacuation around and below this area has been significantly contributed by anthropogenic activities, such as gravel mining and river engineering, according to our field observations and interviews.

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